The Freedom Stack: Safety Profile & Research Summary
22 PubMed CitationsExpert ReviewedGMP CertifiedLast Reviewed: July 2026
Research Summary (Component-Level)
No peer-reviewed study has evaluated this five-vial stack as a unit. The table below lists representative findings for each component individually. Full per-component data and complete reference lists are on the dedicated GLP3-R, SS-31, and KLOW pages.
| Component | Representative Study | Reported Observation | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| GLP3-R | Coskun et al. (2022) — discovery | Characterized as a triple glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptor agonist | [1] |
| GLP3-R | Urva et al. (2022) — phase 1b | Multiple-ascending-dose clinical pharmacology in type 2 diabetes | [2] |
| SS-31 | Birk et al. (2013) — ischemic mitochondria | Reported re-energization of ischemic mitochondria via cardiolipin interaction | [6] |
| SS-31 | Chiao et al. (2020) — old mice | Reported late-life restoration of mitochondrial function | [10] |
| KLOW / GHK-Cu | Pickart & Margolina (2018) — gene data review | Reviewed regenerative and protective actions in light of gene-expression data | [12] |
| KLOW / BPC-157 | Hsieh et al. (2017) — endothelial models | Pro-angiogenic activity associated with VEGFR2 activation | [15] |
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In Vitro / Preclinical Disclaimer: The research findings described above were observed in laboratory (in vitro), animal model, and clinical research studies of individual compounds. Research-grade material sold here is for laboratory research use only. No claims are made regarding human therapeutic applications.
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Editorial Research Note
“Research Summary (Component-Level) No peer-reviewed study has evaluated this five-vial stack as a unit.”
References
- Coskun T, Urva S, Roell WC, et al. LY3437943, a novel triple glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control and weight loss: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Cell Metab. 2022;34(9):1234-1247.e9.
- Urva S, Coskun T, Loh MT, et al. LY3437943, a novel triple GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist in people with type 2 diabetes: a phase 1b, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, multiple-ascending dose trial. Lancet. 2022;400(10366):1869-1881.
- Jastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frías JP, et al. Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity - A Phase 2 Trial. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(6):514-526.
- Rosenstock J, Frias J, Jastreboff AM, et al. Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USA. Lancet. 2023;402(10401):529-544.
- Szeto HH. First-in-class cardiolipin-protective compound as a therapeutic agent to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2014;171(8):2029-2050.
- Birk AV, Liu S, Soong Y, et al. The Mitochondrial-Targeted Compound SS-31 Re-Energizes Ischemic Mitochondria by Interacting with Cardiolipin. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2013;24(8):1250-1261.
- Birk AV, Chao WM, Bracken C, et al. Targeting mitochondrial cardiolipin and the cytochrome c/cardiolipin complex to promote electron transport and optimize mitochondrial ATP synthesis. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2014;171(8):2017-2028.
- Campbell MD, Duan J, Bhatt SK, et al. Improving mitochondrial function with SS-31 reverses age-related redox stress and improves exercise tolerance in aged mice. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2019;134:268-281.
- Sabbah HN, Gupta RC, Kohli S, et al. Chronic therapy with elamipretide (MTP-131), a novel mitochondria-targeting peptide, improves left ventricular and mitochondrial function in dogs with advanced heart failure. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2016;9(2):e002206.
- Chiao YA, Rabinovitch PS, Bhatt SK, et al. Late-life restoration of mitochondrial function reverses cardiac dysfunction in old mice. eLife. 2020;9:e55513.
- Zhao W, Xu Z, Cao J, et al. Elamipretide (SS-31) improves mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic integrity, and cognition in an Alzheimer's disease model. Scientific Reports. 2019;9(1):13137.
- Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018;19(7):1987.
- Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:648108.
- Park JR, Lee H, Kim SI, Yang SR. The tri-peptide GHK-Cu complex ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Oncotarget. 2016;7(36):58405-58417.
- Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2017;95(3):323-333.
- Sikiric P, et al. Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications. Current Neuropharmacology. 2016;14(8):857-865.
- Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2012;12(1):37-51.
- Philp D, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle development. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2004;125(2):113-115.
- Brzoska T, Luger TA, Maaser C, Abels C, Böhm M. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and related tripeptides: biochemistry, antiinflammatory and protective effects in vitro and in vivo, and future perspectives. Endocrine Reviews. 2008;29(5):581-602.
- Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HTT, Yan Y, Sitaraman S, Merlin D. PepT1-Mediated Tripeptide KPV Uptake Reduces Intestinal Inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):166-178.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety Risks. FDA.gov. Updated 2023.
- World Anti-Doping Agency. The 2025 Prohibited List. WADA. January 1, 2025.
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