The Long Shot: Safety Profile & Research Summary
Preclinical Research Summary (Component-Level)
No peer-reviewed study has evaluated this five-vial kit as a unit. The table below lists representative findings for each component individually. Full per-component data and complete reference lists are on the dedicated NAD+, GHK-Cu, and Thymosin Alpha-1 pages.
| Component | Representative Study | Reported Observation | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| NAD+ | Covarrubias et al. (2021) — review | Surveys NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing | [1] |
| NAD+ | Zhang et al. (2016) — mice | NAD+ repletion reported to affect mitochondrial and stem-cell function | [6] |
| GHK-Cu | Pickart et al. (1980) — Nature | Growth-modulating plasma tripeptide proposed to facilitate cellular copper uptake | [8] |
| GHK-Cu | Maquart et al. (1988) — fibroblast culture | Reported stimulation of collagen synthesis by the tripeptide-copper complex | [11] |
| Thymosin Alpha-1 | Goldstein et al. (1977) — PNAS | Isolation and sequence analysis of the immunologically active thymic polypeptide | [15] |
| Thymosin Alpha-1 | Romani et al. (2004) — Blood | Reported dendritic-cell activation through toll-like receptor signalling | [16] |
For Laboratory Research Only. Not for human use, medical use, diagnostic use, or veterinary use.
ALL ARTICLES AND PRODUCT INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE ARE FOR INFORMATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.
“Preclinical Research Summary (Component-Level) No peer-reviewed study has evaluated this five-vial kit as a unit.”
Referencias
- Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2021;22(2):119-141.
- Verdin E. NAD+ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration. Science. 2015;350(6265):1208-1213.
- Rajman L, Chwalek K, Sinclair DA. Therapeutic potential of NAD-boosting molecules: the in vivo evidence. Cell Metabolism. 2018;27(3):529-547.
- Imai S, Guarente L. NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease. Trends in Cell Biology. 2014;24(8):464-471.
- Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, Kanamori KS, et al. A potent and specific CD38 inhibitor ameliorates age-related metabolic dysfunction by reversing tissue NAD+ decline. Cell Metabolism. 2018;27(5):1081-1095.e10.
- Zhang H, Ryu D, Wu Y, et al. NAD+ repletion improves mitochondrial and stem cell function and enhances life span in mice. Science. 2016;352(6292):1436-1443.
- Grant R, Berg J, Mestayer R, et al. A pilot study investigating changes in the human plasma and urine NAD+ metabolome during a 6 hour intravenous infusion of NAD+. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2019;11:257.
- Pickart L, Freedman JH, Loker WJ, et al. Growth-modulating plasma tripeptide may function by facilitating copper uptake into cells. Nature. 1980;288(5792):715-717.
- Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018;19(7):1987.
- Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK and DNA: Resetting the human genome to health. BioMed Research International. 2014;2014:151479.
- Maquart FX, Pickart L, Laurent M, et al. Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+. FEBS Letters. 1988;238(2):343-346.
- Canapp SO Jr, Farese JP, Schultz GS, et al. The effect of topical tripeptide-copper complex on healing of ischemic open wounds. Veterinary Surgery. 2003;32(6):515-523.
- Simeon A, Emonard H, Hornebeck W, Maquart FX. The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures. Life Sciences. 2000;67(18):2257-2265.
- Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK-Cu may Prevent Oxidative Stress in Skin by Regulating Copper and Modifying Expression of Numerous Antioxidant Genes. Cosmetics. 2015;2(3):236-247.
- Goldstein AL, Low TL, McAdoo M, et al. Thymosin alpha1: Isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1977;74(2):725-729.
- Romani L, Bistoni F, Gaziano R, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through toll-like receptor signaling. Blood. 2004;103(11):4232-4239.
- Dominari A, Hathaway III D, Pandav K, et al. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World Journal of Virology. 2020;9(5):67-78.
- Romani L, Bistoni F, Perruccio K, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates dendritic cell tryptophan catabolism and establishes a regulatory environment for balance of inflammation and tolerance. Blood. 2006;108(7):2265-2274.
- Li J, Liu CH, Wang FS. Thymosin alpha 1: biological activities, applications and genetic engineering production. Peptides. 2010;31(11):2151-2158.
- Serafino A, Pica F, Andreola F, et al. Thymosin alpha1 Activates Complement Receptor-Mediated Phagocytosis in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. Journal of Innate Immunity. 2014;6(1):72-88.
- Garaci E. Thymosin alpha1: a historical overview. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2007;1112:14-20.
- Elizondo-Riojas MA, Chamow SM, Tuthill CW, et al. NMR structure of human thymosin alpha-1. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2011;416(3-4):356-361.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety Risks. FDA.gov. Updated 2023.
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Este contenido se proporciona solo para fines educativos e informativos. Los productos se suministran exclusivamente para estudios in vitro y no son medicamentos, fármacos ni suplementos. No están aprobados por la FDA para prevenir, tratar o curar ninguna condición.
