Glutathione
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Resumo da Pesquisa
20 Citacoes PubMedVisao Geral da Pesquisa Glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous endogenous tripeptide que serves como o(a) principal intracellular antioxidante and redox buffer in mammalian biology. Composed of L-glutamate, L-cysteine, and glycine, it foi isolado(a) pela primeira vez and named by Frederick Gowland Hopkins in 1921, though its correct tripeptide structure nao foi estabeleceu until 1935 by Harington and Mead. Present at millimolar concentrations (0.5–10 mM) in virtually every cell, GSH participates in a vast network of antioxidante defense, detoxification, signal transduction, and immune modulacao processes que are essencial para cellular survival.[3][12] GSH is biosintetizado(a) em the cytosol via a tightly regulou, two-step ATP-dependent enzymatic process. First, glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) catalyzes the formation of γ-glutamylcysteine from glutamate and cysteine (a taxa-limiting step); then glutathione synthetase (GS) adds glycine para o(a) C-terminal to yield the final molecule. The availability of cysteine is o(a) principal rate-limiting factor in this synthesis. The liver serves como...
Glutathione — Dados de Pesquisa em Resumo
| Propriedade | Valor |
|---|---|
| Citacoes PubMed Referenciadas | 20 |
| Pesquisadores Colaboradores | 3 |
| Condicoes de Armazenamento | Liofilizado: -20°C ou 2–8°C (estável longo prazo como dry pó); Reconstituído: alíquote imediatamente, armazene a 2–8°C curto prazo ou -20°C longo prazo; proteja da luz, ar e umidade; evite ciclos de congelamento-descongelamento. |
| Padrao de Pureza | ≥99% (HPLC verified, 3rd-party COA) |
| Apenas para Uso em Pesquisa | Nao destinado ao consumo humano. Apenas para uso em pesquisa. |
Visao Geral
Visao Geral da Pesquisa
Glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous endogenous tripeptide que serves como o(a) principal intracellular antioxidante and redox buffer in mammalian biology. Composed of L-glutamate, L-cysteine, and glycine, it foi isolado(a) pela primeira vez and named by Frederick Gowland Hopkins in 1921, though its correct tripeptide structure nao foi estabeleceu until 1935 by Harington and Mead. Present at millimolar concentrations (0.5–10 mM) in virtually every cell, GSH participates in a vast network of antioxidante defense, detoxification, signal transduction, and immune modulacao processes que are essencial para cellular survival.[3][12]
GSH is biosintetizado(a) em the cytosol via a tightly regulou, two-step ATP-dependent enzymatic process. First, glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) catalyzes the formation of γ-glutamylcysteine from glutamate and cysteine (a taxa-limiting step); then glutathione synthetase (GS) adds glycine para o(a) C-terminal to yield the final molecule. The availability of cysteine is o(a) principal rate-limiting factor in this synthesis. The liver serves como o(a) principal production organ e o(a) main source of plasma GSH for interorgan distribuicao.[12][20]
The therapeutic rationale for GSH research is grounded in its role como o(a) body's "master antioxidante." GSH directly neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), serves como o(a) essencial cofactor for glutathione peroxidases (GPx), and conjugates with electrophilic toxins and heavy metals via glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) for excrecao (Phase II detoxification). The ratio of reduziu GSH to oxidized GSSG serves como um(a) fundamental index of cellular oxidative status; a decline in this ratio is a hallmark of estresse oxidativo, cellular dysfunction, and aging.[3][12]
Clinical research has estabeleceu que GSH depletion is implicated no(a) pathology of numerosos(as) conditions. In Parkinson's disease, GSH depletion no(a) substantia nigra precedes neurodegeneration, and intranasal GSH (600 mg/day) melhorou UPDRS scores in a Phase IIb trial (P = 0.0025).[11][5] In doenca hepatico(a)a, oral GSH (300 mg/day) reduziu significativamente alanine transaminase (ALT) in NAFLD subjects.[8] In dermatology, ambos(as) oral (250–500 mg/day) and topico(a) (2% GSSG) glutathione demonstrated significant reductions in melanin index, wrinkles, and improvements in skin elasticity in multiplos(as) randomizado controlled trials.[19][18][2] In diabetes tipo 2, 1000 mg/day oral GSH melhorou significativamente whole-body sensibilidade a insulina in obese males.[16] As a chemotherapy adjunct, IV glutathione (1.5 g/m²) reduziu cisplatin-associated neurotoxicity in gastric and ovarian cancer subjects sem compromising antineoplastic efficacy.[4][15]
A key challenge in GSH research is biodisponibilidade. Standard oral GSH has limited sistemico(a) availability due to degradacao by intestinal γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and IV administration yields a plasma meia-vida of menos do que 3 minutes. Strategies to overcome this include liposomal encapsulation, sublingual delivery, intranasal administration (which aumenta brain GSH >200% within 45 minutes), e o(a) use of GSH precursors como N-acetylcysteine (NAC).[14][20][9]
Mecanismo de Acao
Mecanismo de Acao
Glutathione (GSH) nao function atraves de um(a) single classical receptor-ligand interaction. Instead, it acts como um(a) pervasive biochemical modulator of cellular redox state, enzymatic cofactor, and signaling regulator via post-traducaoal protein modification.[3]
Primary Biochemical Targets & Binding Characteristics
| Target / Mechanism | Detail | Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| S-Glutathionylation | Reversible post-traducaoal modification; GSH forms mixed disulfide bonds with reactive cysteine residues on target proteins (protein-SSG), acting como um(a) redox "on/off" switch for regulatory, structural, and metabolic proteins | Ballatori et al. (2009)[3] |
| Glutathione Peroxidases (GPx) | GSH serves como o(a) essencial electron donor for GPx-catalyzed reduction of H2O2 and lipid hydroperoxides to water/alcohols, oxidizing GSH to GSSG | Ballatori et al. (2009)[3] |
| Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTs) | GSH conjugates with electrophilic xenobiotics, heavy metals (Hg, Pb), and endogenous toxins (Phase II detoxification), rendering them water-soluble for excrecao | Ballatori et al. (2009)[3] |
| Metal Chelation | Six coordination sites for metal ions; thiol group has alto(a) affinity for Cu, Zn, Hg, and Pb, forming estavel mercaptide complexes for mobilization and transport | Ballatori et al. (2009)[3] |
| NMDA Receptor Modulation | GSH modula the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, regulating calcium influx in cerebellar granule cells | Ballatori et al. (2009)[3] |
| Bcl-2 Binding | GSH binds the Bcl-2 BH3-domain groove no(a) mitochondria, contribuindo para anti-apoptotico(a) antioxidante function | Ballatori et al. (2009)[3] |
| γ-Peptide Bond Stability | Unusual γ-carboxyl linkage between glutamate and cysteine protege from intracellular peptidase hidrolise; apenas cleaved by ectoenzyme γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) on external cell surfaces | Ballatori et al. (2009)[3] |
Downstream Signaling Cascades
| Pathway | Mecanismo | Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| Keap1-Nrf2-ARE | Oxidative stress or electrophiles modify Keap1 cysteines, preventing Nrf2 degradacao; stabilized Nrf2 translocates to nucleus and binds Antioxidant Response Element (ARE); modulado(a) por ERK and p38 MAPK kinases | Transcription of GSH synthesis genes (GCLC, GCLM) and detoxification enzymes (GSTs)[3] |
| NF-κB Signaling | S-glutathionylation do(a) p50 subunit of NF-κB inibe its DNA binding; GSH depletion ativa NF-κB via ROS-mediated IκB degradacao | GSH suprime pro-inflamatorio(a) gene transcricao (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6); depletion drives inflamacao[3] |
| MAPK Pathway | Severe GSH depletion oxidizes MAPK phosphatases (MKPs), causing sustained JNK and p38 MAPK ativacao; GST-pi monomers bind JNK (inibicao), but dimerize under estresse oxidativo to release JNK | Cytochrome c release and caspase ativacao levando a apoptose[3] |
| Nitric Oxide (NO) Signaling | GSH buffers NO; depletion aumenta free NO causing protein nitration and DNA damage; ativa p53, que induz PGC-1α for antioxidante response | Modulation of NO-mediated signaling and protection against nitrosative stress[3] |
Cellular & Tissue-Level Effects
| System | Effect | Detail |
|---|---|---|
| Mitochondria | Critical for neutralizing H2O2 from electron transport chain | Transported via dicarboxylate and 2-oxoglutarate carriers; previne mPTP opening[3] |
| Skin (Antimelanogenic) | Inhibits tyrosinase by chelating copper at ativo(a) site | Shifts melanogenesis from eumelanin (dark) to pheomelanin (light); reduz melanin index, wrinkles, aumenta elasticity[19] |
| Nervous System | Astrocytes synthesize and release GSH for neuronal uptake | Protects dopaminergic neurons from oxidative damage; preserva mitochondrial Complex I activity[5] |
| Immune System | Essential for T-cell metabolic reprogramming and clonal expansion | GSH:GSSG ratio modula Th1/Th2 balance; depletion favors Th2 (chronic inflamacao)[14] |
| Cardiovascular | Restores endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in aging | Increases H2S levels and mtNOS activity; inibe mPTP opening in aged heart tissue[3] |
| Hepatoprotective | Reduces ALT and oxidative damage markers in liver tissue | Significant benefit in NAFLD and NASH models[8] |
Comparison with Related Compounds
| Compound | Relationship to GSH | Key Difference |
|---|---|---|
| L-Cysteine | Rate-limiting precursor substrate for GSH synthesis | Neurotoxic at alto(a) extracellular concentrations; GSH e o(a) non-toxic storage form[3] |
| N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) | Deacetylated precursor used to replenish intracellular GSH | Better oral biodisponibilidade do que GSH; widely used clinically as GSH booster[7] |
| GSSG (Oxidized Glutathione) | Disulfide dimer formed quando GSH is oxidized | Accumulation is toxic; cells maintain GSH:GSSG ratio >100:1 via Glutathione Reductase + NADPH[3] |
| Liposomal Glutathione | GSH encapsulated in phospholipid vesicles | Enhanced oral absorcao bypassing GGT degradacao; elevates body stores and immune markers[14] |
| Glutathione Monoethyl Ester (GEE) | Synthetic analog designed for aprimorou cell penetration | Bypasses transport limitations; crosses blood-brain barrier mais effectively do que native GSH[3] |
Aplicacoes de Pesquisa
Aplicacoes de Pesquisa
Glutathione is investigated across a broad spectrum of research domains, with evidence spanning preclinical modelo animals to randomizado controlled ensaios clinicos:
1. Neurodegenerative Diseases (Parkinson's, Alzheimer's)
GSH depletion no(a) substantia nigra is one do(a) earliest biochemical changes in Parkinson's disease, preceding mitochondrial Complex I dysfunction and dopaminergic neuron loss. Intranasal GSH (200–600 mg/day) demonstrated significant improvement in UPDRS Total scores (-4.6 points, P = 0.0025) in a Phase IIb RCT, e um(a) single 200 mg intranasal dose aumentou brain GSH levels >200% within 45 minutes (P < 0.001) as medido(a) by magnetic resonance spectroscopy.[11][5][13]
2. Hepatoprotection (NAFLD, NASH, Cirrhosis)
GSH is extensively studied for its hepatoprotective effects. Oral GSH (300 mg/day for 4 months) reduziu significativamente ALT levels (p < 0.05) in NAFLD subjects. In NASH subjects, 300 mg/day for 3 months diminuiu ambos(as) ALT and 8-OHdG (DNA oxidative damage marker) significantly. No entanto, 500 mg/day GSH por 12 semanas showed no significant effect in liver cirrhosis.[8]
3. Dermatology & Skin Research
| Estudo | Intervention | Key Result | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Weschawalit et al. (2017) | 250 mg oral GSH or GSSG/day, 12 weeks | Significant wrinkle reduction (P = 0.006); aumentou skin elasticity; melanin index reduction in >40 year group | [19] |
| Arjinpathana et al. (2012) | 500 mg oral GSH/day, 4 weeks | Significant melanin index reduction in sun-exposed areas (face/wrists) vs placebo | [2] |
| Watanabe et al. (2014) | 2% GSSG lotion, duas vezes ao dia, 10 weeks | Significant reduction in melanin index (p < 0.05), TEWL (p < 0.05), and wrinkles (p < 0.01) | [18] |
4. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome
Research destaca a correlation between GSH insufficiency and T2DM complications. Oral GSH (1000 mg/day, 3 weeks) aumentou significativamente whole-body sensibilidade a insulina in obese males with and sem T2DM (NCT02948673). In a larger trial (n=360), 500 mg/day for 6 months as adjunct therapy diminuiu significativamente oxidative damage markers and melhorou HbA1c in subjects >55 years.[16]
5. Oncology & Chemotherapy Support
IV glutathione (1.5 g/m²) administered before cisplatin chemotherapy demonstrated neuroprotetor(a) effects in randomizado trials of advanced gastric cancer and ovarian cancer, reducing neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity sem compromising antineoplastic efficacy.[4][15]
6. Respiratory Conditions (Cystic Fibrosis, IPF)
Inhaled/aerosolized glutathione (600 mg BID) is investigated for replenishing GSH no(a) epitelial lining fluid do(a) lungs. Oral reduziu L-glutathione melhorou growth in pediatric cystic fibrose subjects. Results on FEV1 improvement have been mixed across studies.[17]
7. Viral Infections & Immune Function
GSH depletion is linked to impaired host resposta imunologicas and severe outcomes in HIV and COVID-19. Liposomal glutathione supplementation elevated body stores of GSH and markers of funcao imunologica (incluindo natural killer cell activity) in adultos saudaveis.[14]
8. Male Infertility
Intramuscular GSH (600 mg) was studied in a controlado por placebo, duplo-cego crossover trial for male infertility, targeting estresse oxidativo in seminal plasma que damages sperm DNA and motility.[10]
9. Cardiovascular Aging
In aged Wistar rats, intraperitoneal GSH (52 mg/kg) aumentou total heart glutathione by 40% (p = 0.0027), reduziu superoxide generation 2.5-fold, and restaurou endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, demonstrating significant cardiovascular rejuvenation potential.[3]
Caracteristicas Bioquimicas
| Propriedade | Valor |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | C₁₀H₁₇N₃O₆S |
| Molecular Weight | 307.32 g/mol |
| CAS Number | 70-18-8 |
| PubChem CID | 124886 |
| Sequence (3-Letter) | γ-Glu-Cys-Gly |
| Sequence (1-Letter) | γ-E-C-G |
| IUPAC Name | (2S)-2-Amino-5-({(2R)-1-[(carboxymethyl)amino]-1-oxo-3-sulfanylpropan-2-yl}amino)-5-oxopentanoic acid |
| Structure | Tripeptide with gamma-peptide linkage between γ-carboxyl of glutamate and α-amino of cysteine; contem free thiol (sulfhydryl) group; forms intermolecular disulfide bond (GSSG) upon oxidation |
| Origin | Endogenous tripeptide sintetizado(a) em virtually all mammalian cells from L-glutamate, L-cysteine, and glycine via a two-step ATP-dependent enzymatic process (GCL and GS) |
| Classification | Endogenous Tripeptide Antioxidant / Redox Modulator / Research Compound |
| Half-Life | Plasma meia-vida < 3 minutes (IV administration); intracellular turnover regulado(a) por γ-glutamyl cycle |
| Bioavailability | Low oral biodisponibilidade due to intestinal hidrolise by γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT); aprimorou by liposomal or sublingual delivery |
Identificadores
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Resumo da Pesquisa Pre-clinica
Resumo da Pesquisa
Key Clinical Studies
| Estudo | Design / Population | Principais Achados | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Richie et al. (2015) Eur J Nutr | RCT, n=54 adultos saudaveis; 250 mg or 1000 mg oral GSH/day, 6 months | 1000 mg/day: significant increase in GSH in eritrocitos, plasma, linfocitos, buccal cells (p < 0.05). 250 mg: no significant difference vs placebo | [12] |
| Mischley et al. (2017) J Parkinson's Dis | Phase IIb RCT, n=45 PD subjects; 300 or 600 mg/day intranasal GSH, 12 weeks | 600 mg/day: UPDRS Total melhorou -4.6 points (P = 0.0025); Motor sub-score melhorou -2.2 points (P = 0.0485) | [11] |
| Honda et al. (2017) BMC Gastroenterol | Open-label pilot, n=34 NAFLD subjects; 300 mg oral GSH/day, 4 months | Significant reduction in ALT (p < 0.05); non-significant improvements in liver stiffness | [8] |
| Søndergård et al. (2021) Appl Physiol Nutr Metab | RCT, n=20 obese males ± T2DM; 1000 mg oral GSH/day, 3 weeks | Whole-body sensibilidade a insulina aumentou significativamente; musculo esqueletico GSH aumentou ~19% | [16] |
| Weschawalit et al. (2017) Clin Cosm Invest Derm | RCT, n=57 healthy females; 250 mg oral GSH or GSSG/day, 12 weeks | Significant wrinkle reduction (P = 0.006); aumentou skin elasticity; melanin reduction in >40 yrs subgroup | [19] |
| Cascinu et al. (1995) J Clin Oncol | RCT, advanced gastric cancer; 1.5 g/m² IV GSH before cisplatin | Neuroprotective effect; reduziu cisplatin-associated neurotoxicity sem compromising chemotherapy efficacy | [4] |
| Smyth et al. (1997) Ann Oncol | RCT, ovarian cancer; IV GSH with cisplatin | Reduced toxicity; melhorou qualidade de vida; no reduction in antineoplastic efficacy | [15] |
| Sinha et al. (2018) Eur J Clin Nutr | RCT; liposomal GSH supplementation | Elevated body stores of GSH; aprimorou markers of funcao imunologica incluindo natural killer cell activity | [14] |
Key Preclinical Studies
| Estudo | Modelo | Principais Achados | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Strutynska et al. (2023) | Aged male Wistar rats; 52 mg/kg i.p., acute | Heart GSH +40% (p=0.0027); superoxide reduziu 2.5x; H2O2 reduziu 2.3x; restaurou vasorelaxation; inibiu mPTP opening | [3] |
| Cai et al. (2003) | BALB/c mice; oral GSH; influenza A/X-31 | Decreased viral titers in ambos(as) lung and trachea homogenates | [3] |
| Chinta et al. (2007) | In vivo GSH depletion in dopaminergic midbrain neurons | Inducible GSH alterations result in nigrostriatal degeneration, confirming causative role of GSH loss in PD pathology | [5] |
Dosage Summary
| Setting | Dose | Route / Duration | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| In Vitro | 0.5–10 mM | Cell culture | Physiological intracellular concentration range |
| Animal (Rat) | 52 mg/kg | Intraperitoneal; acute | LD50 > 5 g/kg (mice, oral) |
| Human — Oral (antioxidante) | 250–1000 mg/day | Oral capsules; 4 weeks–6 months | 1000 mg/day necessario(a) para 6 months to significantly elevate body stores[12] |
| Human — Oral (skin) | 250–500 mg/day | Oral; 4–12 weeks | Significant melanin and wrinkle reduction[19][2] |
| Human — Intranasal | 200–600 mg/day | Intranasal atomization; 12 weeks | Brain GSH >200% increase within 45 min[11] |
| Human — IV | 1.5 g/m² | Intravenous; before chemotherapy | Neuroprotective adjunct to cisplatin[4] |
| Human — Topical | 2% GSSG lotion | Twice daily; 10 weeks | Significant reduction in melanin index, wrinkles, TEWL[18] |
| Human — Inhaled | 600 mg BID | Nebulized | Respiratory conditions; contraindicated in asthma[17] |
Perfil de Seguranca
| Route | Safety Assessment | Adverse Events |
|---|---|---|
| Oral | GRAS status; bem tolerado(a); LD50 > 5 g/kg (mice) | Mild: flatulence, loose stools, flushing, weight gain[12] |
| Topical | Generally bem tolerado(a) | Mild erythema, pruritus; typically self-resolving[19] |
| Intranasal | Phase IIb safety estabeleceu | One withdrawal (tachycardia/cardiomiopatia, resolved upon cessation)[11] |
| Intravenous | Significant safety concerns | 32% adverse event rate; hepatotoxicity, anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome relatado(a) |
| Inhaled | Contraindicated in asthma | Risk of bronchospasm |
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Sobre Este Perfil de Pesquisa
Este perfil de pesquisa foi compilado a partir de fontes revisadas por pares, incluindo o New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet e documentos regulatórios. TODOS OS ARTIGOS E INFORMAÇÕES SOBRE PRODUTOS FORNECIDOS NESTE SITE SÃO APENAS PARA FINS INFORMATIVOS E EDUCACIONAIS.
Autores e Atribuicao
✍️ Autor do Artigo
Helmut Sies, MD
Helmut Sies, MD, is a pioneering biochemist who formulated the concept of "estresse oxidativo" e e reconhecido(a) como a "Redox Pioneer" pelo(a) journal Free Radical Biology and Medicine. He received his MD do(a) University of Munich (1967) and his Habilitation in Physiological Chemistry and Physical Biochemistry (1972), with training no(a) University of Tübingen e o(a) University of Munich. He is affiliated with Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf. Dr. Sies elucidated the role of glutathione como um(a) antioxidante e seu(sua) physiology, quantified central redox systems incluindo antioxidante GSH in subcellular compartments, and discovered que ebselen is a glutathione peroxidase mimic. His foundational work spans over four decades and has shaped the entire field of redox biology and antioxidante research. Key publications include "Hydroperoxide metabolismo in mammalian organs" (1979), "Glutathione e seu(sua) role in cellular functions" (1999, Free Radical Biology and Medicine), and "Oxidative stress: introductory remarks" (1985). Helmut Sies is being referenced as one do(a) leading scientists envolveu in Glutathione research. De forma alguma este(a) médico(a)/cientista endossa ou defende a compra, venda ou uso deste produto por qualquer motivo. Não existe afiliação ou relação, implícita ou de outra forma, entre a Pure US Peptide e este(a) médico(a).
Ver Perfil Completo do Pesquisador →🎓 Autor de Revista Cientifica
Alton Meister, PhD
Alton Meister, PhD, was a distinguished biochemist and professor who was instrumental no(a) surge of glutathione research durante o(a) 1980s. He is credited with elucidating the γ-glutamyl cycle, the central metabolic pathway governing glutathione synthesis, transport, and degradacao. Meister also developed the use of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) as um(a) potente and specific inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, a method que became a widely adopted tool for studying GSH deficiency in experimental systems. His work estabeleceu the mechanistic foundation for understanding how cells synthesize, utilize, and recycle this critico(a) antioxidante. His landmark publications include "Glutathione" (1983, Annual Review of Biochemistry), "On the discovery of glutathione" (1988), and "Glutathione metabolismo e seu(sua) selective modification" (1988, Journal of Biological Chemistry). Alton Meister is being referenced as one do(a) leading scientists envolveu in Glutathione research. De forma alguma este(a) médico(a)/cientista endossa ou defende a compra, venda ou uso deste produto por qualquer motivo. Não existe afiliação ou relação, implícita ou de outra forma, entre a Pure US Peptide e este(a) médico(a).
Ver Perfil Completo do Pesquisador →Alton Meister, PhD is being referenced as one of the leading scientists involved in the research and development of Glutathione. In no way is this doctor/scientist endorsing or advocating the purchase, sale, or use of this product for any reason. There is no affiliation or relationship, implied or otherwise, between Pure US Peptide and this doctor. The purpose of citing the doctor is to acknowledge, recognize, and credit the exhaustive research and development efforts conducted by the scientists studying this peptide.
🔬 Pesquisador Colaborador
Laurie K. Mischley, ND, PhD
Laurie K. Mischley, ND, PhD, is a neuroscience researcher and clinician-scientist who has led the a maioria advanced ensaios clinicos investigating intranasal glutathione for Parkinson's disease. She conducted the Phase I/IIa safety and tolerability trial (2015, Movement Disorders), que estabeleceu a seguranca of intranasal GSH and demonstrated preliminary efficacy over placebo on UPDRS scores. Her Phase IIb randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo trial (2017, Journal of Parkinson's Disease; NCT02424708) demonstrated que 600 mg/day intranasal GSH melhorou significativamente Total UPDRS scores (-4.6 points, P = 0.0025) and Motor sub-scores (-2.2 points, P = 0.0485) over 12 weeks. Criticamente, her CNS uptake study (2016, npj Parkinson's Disease) demonstrated que a single 200 mg intranasal dose aumentou brain GSH levels by over 200% within aproximadamente 45 minutes (P < 0.001) as medido(a) by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, providing target validation que intranasally administered GSH reaches the central nervous system. Laurie K. Mischley is being referenced as one do(a) leading scientists envolveu in Glutathione research. De forma alguma este(a) médico(a)/cientista endossa ou defende a compra, venda ou uso deste produto por qualquer motivo. Não existe afiliação ou relação, implícita ou de outra forma, entre a Pure US Peptide e este(a) médico(a).
Ver Perfil Completo do Pesquisador →Laurie K. Mischley, ND, PhD is being referenced as one of the leading scientists involved in the research and development of Glutathione. In no way is this doctor/scientist endorsing or advocating the purchase, sale, or use of this product for any reason. There is no affiliation or relationship, implied or otherwise, between Pure US Peptide and this doctor. The purpose of citing the doctor is to acknowledge, recognize, and credit the exhaustive research and development efforts conducted by the scientists studying this peptide.
Citacoes Referenciadas
Allen J, Bradley RD. Effects of oral glutathione supplementation on sistemico(a) estresse oxidativo biomarcadors in human volunteers. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17(9), 827-833, 2011.
PubMedArjinpathana N, Asawanonda P. Glutathione como um(a) oral whitening agent: a randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo study. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 23(2), 97-102, 2012.
PubMedBallatori N, Krance SM, Notenboom S, Shi S, Tieu K, Hammond CL. Glutathione dysregulacao e o(a) etiology and progression of human diseases. Biological Chemistry, 390(3), 191-214, 2009.
PubMedCascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduziu glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 13(1), 26-32, 1995.
PubMedChinta SJ, Kumar MJ, Hsu M, et al. Inducible alterations of glutathione levels in adult dopaminergic midbrain neurons result in nigrostriatal degeneration. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(51), 13997-14006, 2007.
PubMedHandog EB, Datuin MS, Singzon IA. An open-label, single-arm trial of a seguranca and efficacy of um(a) novo(a) preparation of glutathione como um(a) skin-lightening agent in Filipino women. International Journal of Dermatology, 55(2), 153-157, 2016.
PubMedHolmay MJ, Terpstra M, Coles LD, et al. N-Acetylcysteine boosts brain and blood glutathione in Gaucher and Parkinson diseases. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 36(4), 103-106, 2013.
PubMedHonda Y, Kessoku T, Sumida Y, et al. Efficacy of glutathione for o tratamento of nonalcoholic fatty doenca hepatico(a)a: an open-label, single-arm, multicenter, pilot study. BMC Gastroenterology, 17(1), 96, 2017.
PubMedKovacs-Nolan J, Rupa P, Matsui T, et al. In vitro and ex vivo uptake of glutathione (GSH) atraves do(a) intestinal epithelium and fate of oral GSH after in vivo supplementation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(39), 9499-9506, 2014.
PubMedLenzi A, Culasso F, Gandini L, Lombardo F, Dondero F. Placebo-controlled, duplo-cego, cross-over trial of glutathione therapy in male infertility. Human Reproduction, 8(10), 1657-62, 1993.
PubMedMischley LK, Leverenz JB, Lau RC, et al. A randomizado, duplo-cego phase I/IIa study of intranasal glutathione in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 30(12), 1696-1701, 2015.
PubMedRichie JP, Nichenametla S, Neidig W, et al. Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione. European Journal of Nutrition, 54(2), 251-263, 2015.
PubMedSechi G, Deledda MG, Bua G, et al. Reduced intravenoso(a) glutathione in o tratamento of precoce Parkinson's disease. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 20(7), 1159-1170, 1996.
PubMedSinha R, Sinha I, Calcagnotto A, et al. Oral supplementation with liposomal glutathione elevates body stores of glutathione and markers of funcao imunologica. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(1), 105-111, 2018.
PubMedSmyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduz the toxicity and melhora qualidade de vida of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: results of a duplo-cego, randomised trial. Annals of Oncology, 8(6), 569-73, 1997.
PubMedSøndergård SD, Cintin I, Kuhlman AB, et al. The effects of 3 weeks of oral glutathione supplementation on whole body sensibilidade a insulina in obese males with and sem diabetes tipo 2: a randomizado trial. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 46(9), 1133-1142, 2021.
PubMedVisca A, Bishop CT, Hilton S, Hudson VM. Oral reduziu L-glutathione melhora growth in pediatric cystic fibrose patients. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 60(6), 802-810, 2015.
PubMedWatanabe F, Hashizume E, Chan GP, Kamimura A. Skin-whitening and skin-condition-improving effects of topico(a) oxidized glutathione: a duplo-cego and controlado por placebo ensaio clinico in healthy women. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 7, 267-274, 2014.
PubMedWeschawalit S, Thongthip S, Phutrakool P, Asawanonda P. Glutathione e seu(sua) antiaging and antimelanogenic effects. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 10, 147-153, 2017.
PubMedWitschi A, Reddy S, Stofer B, Lauterburg BH. The sistemico(a) availability of oral glutathione. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 43(6), 667-669, 1992.
PubMedAviso de Uso em Pesquisa
Apenas para Uso em Pesquisa (RUO). Nao destinado ao consumo humano, uso clinico, ou como medicamento, alimento, cosmetico ou dispositivo medico. Este produto nao foi avaliado pelo FDA e e fornecido exclusivamente para pesquisa laboratorial in vitro por profissionais qualificados.
Certificado de Analise
Each lot is independently tested by accredited third-party laboratories (ISO 17025) at 99%+ purity.
Ultimo Relatorio de Laboratorio
Armazenamento e Manuseio
Resumo
Liofilizado: -20°C ou 2–8°C (estável longo prazo como dry pó); Reconstituído: alíquote imediatamente, armazene a 2–8°C curto prazo ou -20°C longo prazo; proteja da luz, ar e umidade; evite ciclos de congelamento-descongelamento.
Pó Liofilizado
Store at -20°C for optimal estabilidade a longo prazo, or at 2–8°C for routine storage. The dry powder form is relatively estavel but deve ser kept in tightly sealed, opaque containers para proteger from light and moisture. Glutathione is highly susceptible to oxidation na presenca de air and elevated humidity (water activity >0.3).
Solução Reconstituída
Dissolve in sterile water or PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline). Aqueous GSH solutions oxidize rapidly to GSSG quando exposto(a) a air. Aliquot stock solutions immediately after preparation to minimize freeze-thaw cycles. Store aliquots at -20°C and use promptly after thawing. For curto prazo use, keep at 2–8°C and consume within 24 hours.
Quality & Handling
Supplied como um(a) white crystalline powder. Purity: ≥98% by HPLC. Identity verified by HPLC, mass spectrometry (307.32 g/mol), and enzymatic recycling assay. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. In laboratory settings, prepared solutions deve ser temperature-controlled and protegeu from light until immediately before use. CAS: 70-18-8, PubChem CID: 124886.
“Resumo da Pesquisa Key Clinical Studies Estudo Design / Population Principais Achados Ref Richie et al.”
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