Thymosin Alpha-1: Research Applications
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Buy Thy Alpha 1 Peptide 10mg (Zadaxin)🦠 Viral Infections (Hepatitis B & C)
Tα1 is most established for chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) and Hepatitis C (CHC). Studied in chronic hepatitis B trials; endpoints reported in the cited references. [5]
🎯 Oncology (Solid Tumors)
Tα1 has been studied alongside chemotherapy (e.g., dacarbazine) and immunotherapy (e.g., ipilimumab) in malignant melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and NSCLC trials; survival and toxicity endpoints are reported in the cited references. [14] [15]
🏥 Sepsis
In severe sepsis, Tα1 reverses immunosuppression by upregulating HLA-DR expression on monocytes and preventing lymphocyte apoptosis. The ETASS trial (n=361) assessed a mortality endpoint. [16]
🦠 COVID-19 / SARS
A Wuhan retrospective study (n=76) of severe COVID-19 reported lymphocyte-count and T-cell-exhaustion marker endpoints. [17]
💉 HIV/AIDS
Studied as adjunct to HAART, with CD4+ T-cell count and sjTREC endpoints reported (markers of thymic output). [18]
💉 Vaccine Adjuvant
Enhances immunogenicity of influenza, H1N1, and HBV vaccines, particularly in immunocompromised populations (elderly, hemodialysis study subjects). In hemodialysis study subjects, H1N1-vaccine seroconversion endpoints were reported.01). [19]
🫁 Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Tα1 has shown potential to correct maturation/activity of mutated F508del-CFTR protein while simultaneously reducing lung inflammation, though reproducibility has been debated. [20]
🍄 Fungal & Bacterial Infections
Activates dendritic cells for Th1 resistance against invasive aspergillosis and enhances resistance to Pseudomonas in bone marrow transplant settings. [4]
🔬 Autoimmune Diseases
study subjects with psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and SLE exhibit lower serum Tα1 levels. [21]
“Clinical Trials ✅ Thymosin Alpha 1 is one of the most clinically studied peptides in existence, with 10+ completed clinical trials and approval in 30+ countries as Zadaxin (thymalfasin).”
References
- Dominari A, Hathaway III D, Pandav K, et al. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World J Virol, 9(5), 67-78, 2020.
- Goldstein AL, Low TL, McAdoo M, et al. Thymosin alpha1: Isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 74(2), 725-729, 1977.
- Li J, Liu CH, Wang FS. Thymosin alpha 1: biological activities, applications and genetic engineering production. Peptides, 31(11), 2151-2158, 2010.
- Romani L, Bistoni F, Gaziano R, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through toll-like receptor signaling. Blood, 103(11), 4232-4239, 2004.
- King R, Tuthill C. Vitamins and Hormones, 102, 151-178, 2016.
- Pica F, Chimenti MS, Gaziano R, et al. Clin Exp Immunol, 186(1), 39-45, 2016.
- FDA. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety Risks. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2025.
- Elizondo-Riojas MA, Chamow SM, Tuthill CW, et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 416(3-4), 356-61, 2011.
- Billich A. Thymosin alpha1. SciClone Pharmaceuticals. Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 3(5), 698-707, 2002.
- Garaci E. Thymosin alpha1: a historical overview. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1112, 14-20, 2007.
- Tao N, Xu X, Ying Y, et al. Molecules, 28(8), 3539, 2023.
- Romani L, Bistoni F, Perruccio K, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates dendritic cell tryptophan catabolism and establishes a regulatory environment for balance of inflammation and tolerance. Blood, 108(7), 2265-74, 2006.
- Serafino A, Pica F, Andreola F, et al. J Innate Immun, 6(1), 72-88, 2014.
- Maio M, Mackiewicz A, Testori A, et al. J Clin Oncol, 28(10), 1780-1787, 2010.
- Costantini C, Bellet MM, Pariano M, et al. Front Oncol, 9, 873, 2019.
- Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, et al. Critical Care, 17(1), R8, 2013.
- Liu Y, Pan Y, Hu Z, et al. Clin Infect Dis, 71(16), 2150-2157, 2020.
- Matteucci C, Grelli S, Balestrieri E, et al. Future Microbiol, 12, 141-155, 2017.
- Carraro G, Naso A, Montomoli E, et al. Vaccine, 30(6), 1170-1180, 2012.
- Romani L, Oikonomou V, Moretti S, et al. Nat Med, 23(5), 590-600, 2017.
- Pica F, Chimenti MS, Gaziano R, et al. Serum thymosin alpha 1 levels in chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol, 186(1), 39-45, 2016.
- Peng R, Xu C, Zheng H, et al. Modified Thymosin Alpha 1 Distributes and Inhibits the Growth of Lung Cancer in Vivo. ACS Omega, 5(18), 10374-10381, 2020.
- Garaci E, Mastino A, Pica F, Favalli C. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 32(3), 154-160, 1990.
- Simonova MA, Ivanov I, Shoshina NS, et al. Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1. Int J Mol Sci, 26(23), 11470, 2025.
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