The Long Shot: Chemical Properties
23 PubMed CitationsExpert ReviewedGMP CertifiedLast Reviewed: July 2026
Chemical Properties
| Composition | 2 x NAD+ 1000 mg + 1 x GHK-Cu 100 mg + 2 x Thymosin Alpha-1 10 mg |
| Total Mass | 2,120 mg across five individually lyophilized vials |
| Format | Five separate single-compound vials — not a co-lyophilized blend |
| NAD+ Component | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; C21H27N7O14P2; MW ~663.43 g/mol; CAS 53-84-9 |
| GHK-Cu Component | Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine-Cu(II); MW ~401.9 Da; CAS 89030-95-5 |
| Thymosin Alpha-1 Component | 28-amino-acid N-terminally acetylated thymic peptide; MW ~3108 Da; CAS 62304-98-7 |
| Appearance | White lyophilized powder (NAD+, Thymosin Alpha-1); pale-blue powder (GHK-Cu copper complex) |
| Classification | Multi-vial research kit |
Identifiers
| Purity Standard | ≥98% per individual component by HPLC |
| Identity Confirmation | Mass spectrometry per component (~663.4 / 401.9 / 3108 Da) |
| Counter-Ion | TFA-free preferred for biological-grade peptide research |
| Detection Methods | RP-HPLC, LC-MS/MS, ICP-MS for GHK-Cu copper content |
Editorial Research Note
“Preclinical Research Summary (Component-Level) No peer-reviewed study has evaluated this five-vial kit as a unit.”
References
- Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2021;22(2):119-141.
- Verdin E. NAD+ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration. Science. 2015;350(6265):1208-1213.
- Rajman L, Chwalek K, Sinclair DA. Therapeutic potential of NAD-boosting molecules: the in vivo evidence. Cell Metabolism. 2018;27(3):529-547.
- Imai S, Guarente L. NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease. Trends in Cell Biology. 2014;24(8):464-471.
- Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, Kanamori KS, et al. A potent and specific CD38 inhibitor ameliorates age-related metabolic dysfunction by reversing tissue NAD+ decline. Cell Metabolism. 2018;27(5):1081-1095.e10.
- Zhang H, Ryu D, Wu Y, et al. NAD+ repletion improves mitochondrial and stem cell function and enhances life span in mice. Science. 2016;352(6292):1436-1443.
- Grant R, Berg J, Mestayer R, et al. A pilot study investigating changes in the human plasma and urine NAD+ metabolome during a 6 hour intravenous infusion of NAD+. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2019;11:257.
- Pickart L, Freedman JH, Loker WJ, et al. Growth-modulating plasma tripeptide may function by facilitating copper uptake into cells. Nature. 1980;288(5792):715-717.
- Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018;19(7):1987.
- Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK and DNA: Resetting the human genome to health. BioMed Research International. 2014;2014:151479.
- Maquart FX, Pickart L, Laurent M, et al. Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+. FEBS Letters. 1988;238(2):343-346.
- Canapp SO Jr, Farese JP, Schultz GS, et al. The effect of topical tripeptide-copper complex on healing of ischemic open wounds. Veterinary Surgery. 2003;32(6):515-523.
- Simeon A, Emonard H, Hornebeck W, Maquart FX. The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures. Life Sciences. 2000;67(18):2257-2265.
- Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK-Cu may Prevent Oxidative Stress in Skin by Regulating Copper and Modifying Expression of Numerous Antioxidant Genes. Cosmetics. 2015;2(3):236-247.
- Goldstein AL, Low TL, McAdoo M, et al. Thymosin alpha1: Isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1977;74(2):725-729.
- Romani L, Bistoni F, Gaziano R, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through toll-like receptor signaling. Blood. 2004;103(11):4232-4239.
- Dominari A, Hathaway III D, Pandav K, et al. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World Journal of Virology. 2020;9(5):67-78.
- Romani L, Bistoni F, Perruccio K, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates dendritic cell tryptophan catabolism and establishes a regulatory environment for balance of inflammation and tolerance. Blood. 2006;108(7):2265-2274.
- Li J, Liu CH, Wang FS. Thymosin alpha 1: biological activities, applications and genetic engineering production. Peptides. 2010;31(11):2151-2158.
- Serafino A, Pica F, Andreola F, et al. Thymosin alpha1 Activates Complement Receptor-Mediated Phagocytosis in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. Journal of Innate Immunity. 2014;6(1):72-88.
- Garaci E. Thymosin alpha1: a historical overview. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2007;1112:14-20.
- Elizondo-Riojas MA, Chamow SM, Tuthill CW, et al. NMR structure of human thymosin alpha-1. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2011;416(3-4):356-361.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety Risks. FDA.gov. Updated 2023.
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