Mots C: Safety Profile & Research Summary

24 PubMed CitationsExpert ReviewedGMP CertifiedLast Reviewed: February 2026

Preclinical Research Summary

Key Preclinical Studies

Study	Model	Key Findings	Ref
Lee et al. (2015)	CD-1/C57BL/6 mice HFD — 0.5 mg/kg/day IP × 8 wk	Prevented HFD-induced obesity (p<0.01); ~30% ↑ glucose infusion rate in clamp; 5 mg/kg × 7d reversed age-dependent insulin resistance	[1]
Reynolds et al. (2021)	22-mo C57BL/6N mice — 15 mg/kg/day IP	Ran 2-fold longer (p=0.000002), 2.16× farther; 100% reached final sprint at 15 mg/kg (vs 16.6% control); late-life → +6.4% median lifespan	[2]
Kong et al. (2021)	NOD mice (T1D) — 0.5 mg/kg/day IP from 7 wk	0% incidence at 19 wk vs 100% control; blood glucose 251±140 vs 547±90 mg/dL; Treg promotion via mTORC1 inhibition	[8]
Zhai et al. (2017)	MRSA sepsis mice — 20/50 mg/kg	Pre-treatment: survival 20% → 79%; post-treatment: 50% → 100%; ↓TNF-α/IL-6/IL-1β, ↑IL-10	[10]
Wei et al. (2020)	Vascular calcification rats — 5 mg/kg/day IP × 4 wk	55% reduction in calcium content; reduced blood pressure and stiffness via AMPK → AT-1/ET-B suppression	[12]
Ming et al. (2016)	OVX osteoporosis mice — 5 mg/kg/day IP × 12 wk	Significant improvements in BMD, BV/TV, trabecular thickness via AMPK → osteoclast inhibition	[11]
Kim et al. (2018)	C57BL/6 mice — glucose restriction	Nuclear translocation confirmed; chromatin binding at ARE via Nrf2; regulates ~1,000 genes	[3]
Pham et al. (2025)	T2D Wistar rats — 15 mg/kg/day IP × 3 wk	8% ↓ LV wall thickness; restored mitochondrial respiration in diabetic hearts	[13]
Kong et al. (2025)	S961-treated C57BL/6 mice — 0.5 mg/kg/day	Diabetes incidence 30% vs 70% control; reduced β-gal+ cells and SASP genes	[15]

Human Data: CB4211 (MOTS-c Analog) — NCT03998514

Phase	Population	Intervention	Key Results	Ref
Phase 1a	n=65 healthy adults	0.2–3.0 mg/kg/day SC (SAD/MAD)	Well-tolerated; mild injection site reactions only AE >10%	[4]
Phase 1b	n=20 obese + NAFLD (≥10% liver fat)	25 mg/day SC × 4 weeks	ALT -21% (vs +4% placebo, p<0.05); AST -28% (vs -11%, p<0.05); fasting glucose -6% (vs 0%, p<0.05)	[4]

Note: No completed interventional trials with native MOTS-c. CB4211 met safety endpoint; CohBar dissolved, development discontinued.

Observational Human MOTS-c Data

Study	Population	Key Finding	Ref
Reynolds et al. (2021)	n=10 sedentary males	Skeletal muscle MOTS-c ↑11.9-fold post-exercise; plasma 1.6× during exercise, baseline by 4h	[2]
Yoon et al. (2026)	n=32 obese vs 22 lean	MOTS-c higher in obese (273±56 vs 223±50 pg/mL); unchanged 6mo post-bariatric surgery	[16]
Du et al. (2018)	n=40 obese children vs 57 controls	MOTS-c ↓ in obese males (472.61 vs 561.64 ng/mL); negatively correlated with BMI/HOMA-IR	[6]
Qin et al. (2017)	n=40 coronary angiography	Significantly lower MOTS-c in coronary endothelial dysfunction (p=0.007)	[6]

Safety Summary

Parameter	Finding
CB4211 Clinical	Well-tolerated at 25 mg/day SC × 4 wk; mild injection site reactions (persistent painless bumps) only AE >10%
Native MOTS-c	No established human safety data; FDA Category 2 (immunogenicity/impurity risks)
Anecdotal	Heart palpitations, injection site irritation, insomnia, fever, fatigue, headaches, nausea
Cancer Risk	Conflicting: suppresses ovarian cancer but theoretical breast/prostate risk
Drug Interactions	Metformin (synergistic AMPK); insulin/oral hypoglycemics (hypoglycemia risk)
Contraindications	WADA-banned (all sport); active malignancy (theoretical); pregnancy/breastfeeding (no data)

The products offered on this website are furnished for in-vitro studies only. In-vitro studies (Latin: in glass) are performed outside of the body. These products are not medicines or drugs and have not been approved by the FDA to prevent, treat or cure any medical condition, ailment or disease. Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law.

For Laboratory Research Only. Not for human use, medical use, diagnostic use, or veterinary use.

ALL ARTICLES AND PRODUCT INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE ARE FOR INFORMATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.

References

Mots C: Safety Profile & Research Summary

24 PubMed CitationsExpert ReviewedGMP CertifiedLast Reviewed: February 2026

Preclinical Research Summary

Key Preclinical Studies

Study	Model	Key Findings	Ref
Lee et al. (2015)	CD-1/C57BL/6 mice HFD — 0.5 mg/kg/day IP × 8 wk	Prevented HFD-induced obesity (p<0.01); ~30% ↑ glucose infusion rate in clamp; 5 mg/kg × 7d reversed age-dependent insulin resistance	[1]
Reynolds et al. (2021)	22-mo C57BL/6N mice — 15 mg/kg/day IP	Ran 2-fold longer (p=0.000002), 2.16× farther; 100% reached final sprint at 15 mg/kg (vs 16.6% control); late-life → +6.4% median lifespan	[2]
Kong et al. (2021)	NOD mice (T1D) — 0.5 mg/kg/day IP from 7 wk	0% incidence at 19 wk vs 100% control; blood glucose 251±140 vs 547±90 mg/dL; Treg promotion via mTORC1 inhibition	[8]
Zhai et al. (2017)	MRSA sepsis mice — 20/50 mg/kg	Pre-treatment: survival 20% → 79%; post-treatment: 50% → 100%; ↓TNF-α/IL-6/IL-1β, ↑IL-10	[10]
Wei et al. (2020)	Vascular calcification rats — 5 mg/kg/day IP × 4 wk	55% reduction in calcium content; reduced blood pressure and stiffness via AMPK → AT-1/ET-B suppression	[12]
Ming et al. (2016)	OVX osteoporosis mice — 5 mg/kg/day IP × 12 wk	Significant improvements in BMD, BV/TV, trabecular thickness via AMPK → osteoclast inhibition	[11]
Kim et al. (2018)	C57BL/6 mice — glucose restriction	Nuclear translocation confirmed; chromatin binding at ARE via Nrf2; regulates ~1,000 genes	[3]
Pham et al. (2025)	T2D Wistar rats — 15 mg/kg/day IP × 3 wk	8% ↓ LV wall thickness; restored mitochondrial respiration in diabetic hearts	[13]
Kong et al. (2025)	S961-treated C57BL/6 mice — 0.5 mg/kg/day	Diabetes incidence 30% vs 70% control; reduced β-gal+ cells and SASP genes	[15]

Human Data: CB4211 (MOTS-c Analog) — NCT03998514

Phase	Population	Intervention	Key Results	Ref
Phase 1a	n=65 healthy adults	0.2–3.0 mg/kg/day SC (SAD/MAD)	Well-tolerated; mild injection site reactions only AE >10%	[4]
Phase 1b	n=20 obese + NAFLD (≥10% liver fat)	25 mg/day SC × 4 weeks	ALT -21% (vs +4% placebo, p<0.05); AST -28% (vs -11%, p<0.05); fasting glucose -6% (vs 0%, p<0.05)	[4]

Note: No completed interventional trials with native MOTS-c. CB4211 met safety endpoint; CohBar dissolved, development discontinued.

Observational Human MOTS-c Data

Study	Population	Key Finding	Ref
Reynolds et al. (2021)	n=10 sedentary males	Skeletal muscle MOTS-c ↑11.9-fold post-exercise; plasma 1.6× during exercise, baseline by 4h	[2]
Yoon et al. (2026)	n=32 obese vs 22 lean	MOTS-c higher in obese (273±56 vs 223±50 pg/mL); unchanged 6mo post-bariatric surgery	[16]
Du et al. (2018)	n=40 obese children vs 57 controls	MOTS-c ↓ in obese males (472.61 vs 561.64 ng/mL); negatively correlated with BMI/HOMA-IR	[6]
Qin et al. (2017)	n=40 coronary angiography	Significantly lower MOTS-c in coronary endothelial dysfunction (p=0.007)	[6]

Safety Summary

Parameter	Finding
CB4211 Clinical	Well-tolerated at 25 mg/day SC × 4 wk; mild injection site reactions (persistent painless bumps) only AE >10%
Native MOTS-c	No established human safety data; FDA Category 2 (immunogenicity/impurity risks)
Anecdotal	Heart palpitations, injection site irritation, insomnia, fever, fatigue, headaches, nausea
Cancer Risk	Conflicting: suppresses ovarian cancer but theoretical breast/prostate risk
Drug Interactions	Metformin (synergistic AMPK); insulin/oral hypoglycemics (hypoglycemia risk)
Contraindications	WADA-banned (all sport); active malignancy (theoretical); pregnancy/breastfeeding (no data)

For Laboratory Research Only. Not for human use, medical use, diagnostic use, or veterinary use.

ALL ARTICLES AND PRODUCT INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE ARE FOR INFORMATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.

Product Index

Mots C: Safety Profile & Research Summary

Preclinical Research Summary

Key Preclinical Studies

Human Data: CB4211 (MOTS-c Analog) — NCT03998514

Observational Human MOTS-c Data

Safety Summary

References

Related Research Questions

Mots C: Safety Profile & Research Summary

Preclinical Research Summary

Key Preclinical Studies

Human Data: CB4211 (MOTS-c Analog) — NCT03998514

Observational Human MOTS-c Data

Safety Summary

References

Related Research Questions